When the diode is reverse biased, there is little current flowing from the cathode to the anode. However, when the reverse bias exceeds a certain point, called the reverse breakdown voltage, the reverse current suddenly increases. As the reverse bias increases, the diode will form a constant voltage region regardless of the amount of current flowing through the diode. The characteristic of Zener diode breakdown voltage (Zener voltage) can be used to constitute a constant voltage regulator to suppress the surge voltage. Zener regulator diodes are used to maintain a constant voltage, while ESD protection diodes are used to absorb ESD energy and protect the circuit.
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